6. During the reign of Francis I, French explorers became part of the age of European exploration, one of the great achievements not only of the Renaissance period but also in Western history. They used the In 1415 Henry the Navigator, son of the Portuguese king, led an armada against Ceuta and won a battle that left thousands of Muslim bodies piled in the streets of the city. ." Francis's violation of the treaty made another war with Spain inevitable. In these lands Europeans could find exotic merchandise and foods that had never been known in Europe. Rise of Kingdoms is a mobile MMO real-time strategy game inspired by history. One of the first to seek the Northwest Passage was John Cabot, an Italian navigator financed by King Henry VII of England. However, Pope Clement VII refused to grant the divorce because Catherine's nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V, had invaded Italy earlier that year. In a papal bull, or decree, Alexander drew a line from north to south one hundred leagues (approximately 240 miles, or 386 kilometers) west of the Azores Islands. William was a member of the Nassau family, who were based in the Netherlands, and he had acquired Orange through inheritance. Margaret was exiled to France, and Henry lived the rest of his life imprisoned in the Tower of London (a prison for members of the royalty and nobility). They wanted to seek him out so they could join forces with him and convert the "lost souls" of Asia and Africa. Question 9. Portugal was a rival of Spain during the age of exploration and discovery. Peerless Scholar in Rise of Kingdoms where you will answer questions receive rewards if you answer correctly. The Rise of the Modern (Idea of the) State DANIE F. M. STRAUSS A BSTRACT Some of the main contours of the development of Western society from ancient Greece and through the medieval era up to the rise of the modern state constitute the substance of this article. Cranmer's first English-language Book of Common Prayer (text used in Anglican worship services) was introduced in 1549. In 2022, the game reached its peak. Their era produced one of the greatest cultures in the world and led to the creation of the British Empire in later centuries. Under feudalism, which was based on an agricultural economy, distinct social classes were dependent on one another through a complex system of pledging loyalty in exchange for goods and services. Henry stated in his will that any of his three childrenEdward, Mary, and Elizabethcould succeed him to the throne, even though his daughters had earlier been declared illegitimate when he divorced their mothers. Among them were Drake, John Hawkins (15321595), and Martin Frobisher (c. 15351594). Purchasing the works of Italian painters Michelangelo, Raphael, and Titian, Francis also invited some of the finest Italian artists of the day to come to France. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. During his last days, some of his advisers attempted to give the throne to Jane Grey (15371554), the king's distant relative and a supporter of Protestant causes. Philip the Fair was followed by three sons, each of whom reigned only briefly and left no direct male heirs. In the 1300s the Catalans had been given the privilege of taxing themselves and voting subsidies (additional funds) for the crown only if they wanted to do so. Only eight Portuguese were killed. The Mongolian empire fell apart at the end of the fourteenth century, and the rulers of the Persian and Muslim kingdoms closest to Europe no longer gave outsiders access to their territory. Nationality: France. You may copy it, give it away or re-use it under the terms of the Project Gutenberg License included with this eBook or online at www.gutenberg.org Title: Critical and Historical Essays . The consolidation of the kingdom of France under one ruler was now complete. The pound rose as much as 0.9pc to well above $1. Charles had left Philip in charge of an unresolved war with the Muslim Turks, which had begun in 1551 over control of the Mediterranean Sea. Which commander is known as Barbarossa? The problems started when Isabella died in 1504. A kingdom is a piece of land that is ruled by a king or a queen.A kingdom is often called a monarchy, which means that one person, usually inheriting their position by birth or marriage, is the leader, or head of state.. Kingdoms are one of the earliest types of societies on Earth, dating back thousands of years. Finally, he became so obsessed by his rivalry with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V that he lost all sense of proportion, spending heavily on unsuccessful wars against Spain. Joanna retired to a castle in Tordesillas, where she mourned her deceased husband until her own death in 1555. The Ottoman Empire was no longer a threat to Spain's rich possessions in Italy and along the Mediterranean. A year later, in October and November 1520, Magellan navigated the treacherous straits (now known as the Straits of Magellan) at the continent's cape and sailed across the Pacific, the world's largest ocean. Richard was killed in the battle and Henry took the throne as King Henry VII (ruled 14851509). The Castilian nobility were alarmed by this development because they knew a Spanish king would limit their power. One of his first acts was to execute 270 people who had been involved in the Comuneros revolt. In February, he completed the Capitulations, an "unholy alliance" with the Ottoman leader Khayr ad-Din (pronounced kigh-ruh-DEEN; d. 1546), who was called Barbarossa by Europeans. But Medina-Sidonia made a fatal mistake on the night of August 7. Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. Rise of Kingdoms is a game for iOS and Android with which you can enjoy the whole experience of a strategy game at your fingertips. Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps, The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and Spain, Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. In northern Italy, Spanish forces won victories against the French at Tournai, Lodi, Cremona, Genoa, and Alessandria. The treaty required France's King Charles VI (13681422; ruled 13801422), an Orlanist, to give his daughter, Catherine of Valois (14011437), in marriage to Henry. After Hudson's expedition, most of the major exploratory work in North America was done on inland water routes by the French. After a couple of failed attempts, English settlements were established in Virginia and Massachusetts, later spreading into Maryland and Pennsylvania. Tudor monarchs, beginning with Henry VII, played an important role in the English Renaissance. 1300-1500: France: Frankish kingdom > France/Germany: rise of France: Hundred Years' War > French unification: Germany: Holy Roman Empire: England: Anglo-Saxon kingdoms: Anglo . Just one year before Charles died, Philip decisively ended more than a half-century of Spanish-French conflict regarding Italy. Here Puritan Although he would ultimately rescue Louis the Pious on both occasions, the . In Spain, the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella of Castile laid the foundation for an immense empire by uniting several independent provinces. A learned man himself, James wrote two studies of political theory, The True Law of Free Monarchy (1598) and Baslikon doron ("Royal gift"; 1599). As a result, many Jews fled from the region. Joan stood near Charles VII as he was crowned king at Rheims, France, in 1429. Long years of fighting Habsburg wars in central Europe had depleted the Spanish treasury, despite gold and silver shipments from the New World. Henry's son, Alfonso I (c. 11091185), became king and achieved independence for Portugal in 1143. When Ferdinand died in 1516, Charles was named king of Castile and Aragon, becoming the first official monarch of a united Spain. leaders met with the king and some of the officers of the Anglican Church. Giving in to pressure from the noblemen and Charles's Flemish advisers, Ferdinand rewrote his will and named Charles as his heir. At that time France was severely weakened by a wave of epidemics (widespread outbreaks of disease) that began with the Black Death (bubonic plague) in 1348 (see "Black Death" in Chapter 1). Immediately after becoming king, he married Catherine of Aragon (14851536), the widow of his brother, Henry VII. He was not interested in intellectual affairs, though his mother, Margaret Beaufort (14431509), countess of Richmond and Derby, did provide patronage for Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529. On March 30, 1492, heeding the advice of Torquemada, the king and queen ordered all Jews to leave Spanish territory by July 30. One of the most important events of Henry VIII's reign was the closing of monasteries. Ferdinand feared that the Habsburgs would influence Charles to place their own interests above the needs of Spain. Following Mary' death, Philip II had suggested that he marry Eliza beth. The destruction was so great that the Spanish invasion was delayed for a year. For many years Charles commanded far more resources than the king of France himself. Most German intellectuals were at first in sympathy with the new order in France, hoping that the defeat of royal absolutism in western Europe would lead to its decline in central Europe as well. The third group from North Africa were Muslim Arabs and Berbers (wandering tribes) called Moors. After Elizabeth reluctantly signed the death warrant, Essex was executed. He also invaded Provence, a region in southeast France, and areas of northern France. In 1577 Requesens was replaced by John of Austria. Renaissance ideas became dominant in England in the 1530s, during the reign of King Henry VIII. Reviews. At first all went well for Francis. Then on December 9, 1525, King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) gave a similar choice to Moriscos living in Aragon after he had inherited the country from his grandfather Ferdinand. Here, you can find the complete list of all questions used for the Preliminary, Midterm, and Final Exams. But after the duke was defeated and killed in a battle in 1477, Louis was able to reunite Burgundy with France. In 1639 a French army invaded Catalonia, and in 1641 the Catalonians declared their independence from Spain and gave their allegiance to King Louis XIII of France. Under terms of the peace agreement, the Treaty of Brtigny (1360), the kingdom of France was divided and the southwest region was formally given to the king of England. In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. But Corts wanted more treasures, and over the next two years he massacred the Aztec, finally destroying Tenochtitln in 1521. In these wars, Spanish armies were victorious for the sixth time. Nevertheless, the monarchs were able to apply the same policies to both kingdoms. Edward was a talented military leader, but his weaknesses were laziness, cruelty, and a hesitancy to call meetings of the Parliament. Renaissance thought emphasized pursuit of the arts and sciences, the achievement of personal glory, and commercial expansion. Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). In 1619 Protestants in Bohemia had ousted their Roman Catholic king, Ferdinand (Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand II), and replaced him with Frederick. He won a decisive victory at Agincourt (now Azincourt), a village in northern France, and instantly became a hero in England. February 3, 2023. The French effort collapsed in 1528. When Francis swore as a gentleman to return to captivity if he failed to live up to his end of the bargain, Charles agreed to set him free. England was still a Catholic country and the pope's consent was required before Henry could get a divorce. A similar movement emerged in Andalusia. Catherine de' Medici That year an assassin killed William of Orange in his home in Delft. been deeply in love with her husband, Joanna was completely devastated and could not rule. Renaissance ideas had dominated his education. Those who did not confess their sins or undergo genuine conversion were severely punished or executed. As a sign of his authority he had lilies, the The English, however, were soundly defeated at every turn by the superior Dutch navy. Genoa fell to his naval forces, led by admiral Andrea Doria (14661560). At the time of his death, the French crown was six million livres in debt. Thus began the Burgundy dynasty. In expedition after expedition, Portuguese ships inched their way down the African coast. Philip was challenged by Edward III (13121377; ruled 132777) of England, whose mother was the daughter of Philip the Fair. Royal Family of Denmark. For the next eight years Charles increased his power and expanded Habsburg territory. He firmly established the strength of the monarchy by enforcing his royal powers. To take on his duties as emperor Charles had to move to Aachen, Germany. Find answers for Rise of Kingdoms on AppGamer.com. Charles denounced Luther as a heretic who could never be returned to the church. King John I (c. 13571433; ruled 13851433) was the founder of the powerful Aviz dynasty. Some Jews, called Marranos, pretended to convert while secretly practicing Judaism (the Jewish religion). lasted one hundred years. Philip brushed his reservations aside, insisting that only a man of Medina-Sidonia's stature would be obeyed by the captains of the Armada ships. Spain had often attracted the attention of people from North Africa as a promising new land. The tide changed, however, when Philip formed an alliance with the French. In 1534 French navigator Jacques Cartier (14911557) joined the search for a Northwest Passage to China. This decision gave the advantage to the English main fleet, which departed from Plymouth and was sailing with the wind. Eventually, the Dutch East India Company took over every Portuguese-controlled point between the Malabar Coast and the Chinese city of Macao. In the golden age of Portugal, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, Portuguese explorers sailed most of the world's seas. The feudal system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. Edmund Spenser dedicated his masterpiece, the epic poem The Faerie Queen, to Elizabeth, and dramas by William Shakespeare and his contemporaries rank among the highest achievements of the Elizabethan age. He surrendered to Charles in the Treaty of Barcelona. He lost his third and most beloved wife, Elizabeth of Valois, as she was delivering a baby daughter. Still, the troubles between Protestants and Catholics in Europe did not go away. Less than fifty years after Gama's discovery of the eastern route to Asia, trade between Europe and the ancient lands of the Orient was controlled by Portugal, a small kingdom that was more than a year's journey away from Asia. Along the route, the Portuguese started trading posts and supply stations, often by fighting off natives who tried to repel the intruders. Francis had grown up in the court of King Louis XII and was called the dauphin. A middle class, consisting of merchants and bankers, was taking power away from noblemen. While the Catalan revolt was going on, the Portuguese took advantage of the confusion and declared their independence from Spain. Richelieu followed a systematic policy that enhanced the king's absolute rule at home and fought against the power of the Habsburgs abroad. Some collections remained in cathedrals that had earlier been associated with monasteries, like Canterbury and Dudiam, while others were acquired by Oxford and Cambridge universities or by private collectors. Dvelopp par Lilith Games, Rise of Kingdoms est un Once an answer is selected, it cannot be changed. The crowning of Charles as king of Spain was the climax of a bitter dispute that resulted from the marriage contract between Ferdinand and Isabella. Both Somerset and Warwick approved of further reform in the church. In the sixteenth century the Argonese cause was adopted by the Habsburgs (a royal family with branches in Austria and Spain) when Charles I, a member of the Habsburg family, became Holy Roman Emperor Charles V (see "Spain" section later in this chapter). He expanded his territory by crossing the English Channel (a body of water between France and England) and launching the Norman conquest of England (106670). 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